horizontal agreements การใช้

The R & D agreements are horizontal agreements of minor importance.
Initially, Microsoft attempted to eliminate competition from Netscape by seeking an express horizontal agreement not to compete.
The investigation produced " no evidence of horizontal agreement on price or output at any level of supply ."
The Second Circuit said, " We agree with the district court that this was insufficient evidence of a horizontal agreement to withstand summary judgment ."
These are primarily in the form of horizontal agreements ( agreements to collude between firms on the same level of the supply chain such as retailers or wholesalers ).